1. Problems in fertilization and principles of fertilization
In view of the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat in North China Plain, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is not balanced, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, the area of ​​one-time fertilization is large, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient in the later stage, and the deficiency of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron Occurrence, shallow soil ploughing, poor water retention and fertilizer retention, and the following fertilization principles:
(1) According to the soil fertilization results, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be adjusted appropriately. In areas with irrigation conditions, the base fertilizer should reduce the amount of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and increase the application of formula fertilizer;
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in different stages, and the proportion of application in the middle and late growth stages should be appropriately increased;
(3) Efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions;
(4) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation, increasing the intensity of straw returning, and improving soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity;
(5) Pay attention to the application of trace elements in sulfur, zinc, boron and manganese; (6) combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 16-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1-4 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 10 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 3 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In the zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied 1-2 kg/mu. In the boron area, borax may be applied at a concentration of 0.5 to 1 kg/mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. When the yield per unit level exceeds 500 kg/mu, one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, and 2/3 is applied as topdressing at jointing stage and heading stage. When topdressing, focus on water and fertilizer coupling, before irrigation or before rainfall. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all applied as base fertilizers, and the implementation of mechanical deep application is advocated.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.
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In view of the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat in North China Plain, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is not balanced, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, the area of ​​one-time fertilization is large, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient in the later stage, and the deficiency of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron Occurrence, shallow soil ploughing, poor water retention and fertilizer retention, and the following fertilization principles:
(1) According to the soil fertilization results, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be adjusted appropriately. In areas with irrigation conditions, the base fertilizer should reduce the amount of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and increase the application of formula fertilizer;
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in different stages, and the proportion of application in the middle and late growth stages should be appropriately increased;
(3) Efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil fertility conditions;
(4) Adding organic fertilizer, promoting organic and inorganic cooperation, increasing the intensity of straw returning, and improving soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity;
(5) Pay attention to the application of trace elements in sulfur, zinc, boron and manganese; (6) combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) The output level is above 600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 16-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(4) The production level is 300-400 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1-4 kg/mu.
(5) The production level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 ~ 10 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 ~ 5 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 0 ~ 3 kg / mu.
In the sulfur-deficient area, sulfur can be applied at a rate of 2 kg/mu. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced. In the zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied 1-2 kg/mu. In the boron area, borax may be applied at a concentration of 0.5 to 1 kg/mu. It is recommended to combine the "one spray three prevention" to spray the trace element foliar fertilizer in the grain filling stage of wheat or to spray the surface with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea to 50 kg of water.
When the yield level is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. When the yield per unit level exceeds 500 kg/mu, one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, and 2/3 is applied as topdressing at jointing stage and heading stage. When topdressing, focus on water and fertilizer coupling, before irrigation or before rainfall. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers are all applied as base fertilizers, and the implementation of mechanical deep application is advocated.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.
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