The Significance and Measures of X-ray Protection

First, protective significance

After a certain dose of X-rays irradiates the human body, it can have different degrees of influence. However, the design of modern X-ray machines and computer rooms has taken into account protective measures to ensure safe use, so that the amount of radiation received is within the allowable range and will not cause any physical damage. damage. Therefore, we should have a correct understanding of the damage to radiation, that is, we should strategically despise it, eliminate unnecessary concerns and items, and pay attention to it in tactics, and we must take protective measures against radiation exposure.

The X-ray emitted from the X-ray tube's anode target is called the primary X-ray. When the primary X-ray encounters an object such as air, the examination bed and the patient's body, it will produce another type of radiation scattered in all directions, called scattering. X-rays, also known as scattered lines. Scattered line energy is low, penetrability is weaker than the original X-ray, but it is absorbed by body surface tissue when exposed to the human body. Excessive energy can cause radiation damage. For the patient, the radiation received is mainly the primary X-ray. For radiation workers, the primary X-ray has been blocked by various protective measures. The main harm to the body is the scattered radiation. Modern X-ray machines are equipped with image intensifiers, and patients receive only one-tenth of X-ray radiation from ordinary perspectives. In addition, there is a compartment fluoroscopy device, so workers and patients receive very little dose.

Second, protective measures

(I) Requirements for protection of equipment room and machine

1. The machine room should be large and equipped with ventilation equipment to minimize the impact of radiation on the body. As far as the 200 Ma X-ray machine is concerned, the area of ​​the machine room should not be less than 36 m2. In addition, the walls of the machine room should have a certain thickness of brick, cement or lead skin to achieve the purpose of protection.

2. The X-ray tube is placed in a metal sleeve (ball tube sleeve) with a sufficient thickness. The window of the tube sleeve should have a light-shielding device to reduce it properly to minimize the irradiation of the original emission line. The X-rays are projected onto the fluorescent screen by the human body. The front of the fluorescent screen should have lead glass to block the original X-ray. The modern X-ray examination bed is replaced with a sealed type, and the bed is completely closed with a metal plate to reduce the scattered radiation.

(b) Protection of staff

1. The staff must not expose any part of the body to the original X-ray. Avoid direct manipulation under manual fluoroscopy, such as fracture reduction, foreign body positioning, and gastrointestinal examination.

2. Various protective equipment such as lead rubber gloves, lead aprons, and lead glass glasses must be used for perspective. The use of a light barrier makes the perspective field as small as possible, reducing the milliampere as much as possible, and shortening the exposure time as much as possible. Before darkening, there should be sufficient dark adaptation to obtain a good perspective image in the shortest possible time.

3. Photographs should also avoid contact with the scattered radiation, usually blocked by lead screens. If the photo is heavy, it is advisable to set up a well-controlled room (made of lead, cement or thick brick) in the photo room.

(three) protection of patients

1. The patient must maintain a de facto distance from the X-ray tube, usually not less than 35cm. This is because the closer the patient is to the X-ray tube, the greater the amount of radiation received. A certain thickness of aluminum sheet must be added under the tube window to reduce the long-wave X-rays with weak puncture force, because these X-rays are completely absorbed by the patient and have no effect on the screen or the film.

2. Patients should avoid repeated examinations and unnecessary review in the short term. In the case of abdominal irradiation for sexually mature and growing women, the frequency and position should be controlled as far as possible to avoid harming the reproductive organs. During the first month of early pregnancy, the fetus is particularly sensitive to X-rays and can cause miscarriage or miscarriage. Therefore, early pregnant women and women avoid radiation exposure to the pelvis. For male patients, lead rubber should be used to protect the scrotum and prevent the testicles from being exposed without affecting the examination.

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