Use of ferro-nickel iron In 1804, after the initial production of metallic nickel from the ore, due to the limitations of technical conditions and lack of resources at that time, there was no significant development of nickel for about 100 years. It was only on the eve of World War I that the world’s nickel production was only a few thousand tons. After the first time, especially after the Second World War, nickel production rose sharply.
In 1865, Ganier to the sillimanite, plus gypsum and coal reduction smelting, nickel thorium after reduction, so that a small amount of nickel in the ore has been enriched. After burning off*, the resulting nickel oxide is reduced to nickel in solid state using carbon.
Nickel is completely soluble in γ-iron and its solubility in α-iron is 10%. Up to 5% nickel can improve the tensile strength and hardness of low carbon structural steel. With 3% nickel in carbon steel, its tensile strength, impact toughness, yield point and deformability can be improved. Nickel-nickel-nickel structural steels containing 1%-4% nickel are suitable for use in the automotive, locomotive and machine manufacturing industries because of their suitable tensile strength to mass ratio. In addition to these elements, steel for wear-resistant components contains carbon. The most important nickel-containing steels and the largest users are stainless steel and heat-resistant special steels. For example, a series of heat-resistant stainless steels such as Cr18Ni9Ti and Cr17Ni11Mo2 have good thermal processing properties and are widely used in machinery, medical care, defense, and light industry.
Nickel has a slight graphitization in cast iron, which stabilizes pearlite and reduces ferrite content. Therefore, the nickel in cast iron helps to achieve a uniform and integrated structure and good performance. Adding a small amount of nickel (Ni 0.1%-1.0%) will result in the formation of fine pearlite. When the amount of nickel is more than a bar, it will form the history of Ma and the history of Austria. Fine and stable pearlite can make cast iron have good processing performance and hardness. Therefore, nickel-iron castings can be used to make castings in the automotive industry.
Low-iron-nickel alloys containing chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, when used in high-temperature alloys, are generally referred to as Hastelloy, and have a tensile strength as high as 233.24 MPa at 923°C. The iron-nickel alloys containing 30% to 90% Ni have high magnetic permeability, and thus are suitable for the electric and electronic industries, for example, Klematics alloys containing Ni 30% and Fe 70%. The alloy containing Ni80%, Cr14%, Fe6% is a special corrosion resistant spring material for dental treatment. Nickel is also used as a coin and used in the battery industry.
Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys For the average person, an alloy is an unusually hard substance that can transfer heat and electricity. However, it is incredible that the alloy of nickel and titanium actually has the same memory function as humans. And its memory is very strong, after a long time, repeated thousands of times are accurate.
How did people find this "specific function" of nickel-titanium alloy? In 1958, the United States Navy’s military stockpile laboratories conducted an experiment in which a nickel-titanium alloy material was needed; and the scale scientists found a crooked nickel-titanium cable. They heated the cable first, and then Cool it down and pull it into a straight line to make the desired alloy material. However, it is strange that in the experiment, when people heated the nickel-titanium alloy material, it became crooked again, exactly the same as its original shape. This caused people's interest. This time, people first bent the cable into a circle, cooled it and pulled it into a straight line, heated again, and it automatically became a circle. People know that nickel-titanium alloy has such a good memory function.
NiTi alloys have many uses for this memory function. For example, the robot's arm made with it will turn up and down, left and right as the temperature changes, and it looks very realistic, as if the robot really feels like it. Nickel titanium alloys also have unimaginable medical effects. For example, nitinol wire is made into a spring shape with a small diameter, so that it remembers its shape under body temperature conditions. After that, it is straightened and inserted into the artery through a small catheter under X-ray irradiation. The nitinol wire in the catheter gradually becomes a spring shape under the stimulation of body temperature, just like a bushing is formed on the inner wall of the arterial blood vessel, so as to prevent the risk that the inner wall of the artery is too thin.
In the clothing industry, nickel-titanium alloys are also useful. In the manufacture of women's bras, if nickel-titanium alloys are used instead of steel stents, the service life of the bra can be greatly extended. According to the size and needs of each woman's breast, the manufacturer creates a specific product under various body temperature conditions. Even after repeated washing and drying, the product can be quickly restored as soon as it touches the body temperature in memory. The original shape.
Raney Nickel Catalyst (Ni-Al alloy)
Physico-chemical properties: The Raney nickel catalyst is silver gray amorphous powder (nickel-aluminum alloy powder) before activation. It has moderate flammability. It is partially activated in the presence of water and generates hydrogen-prone caking. It is permanently exposed to the air. Easy weathering. The nickel-aluminum alloy powder is activated by gray-black particles with active hydrogen and is extremely unstable. It oxidizes and burns in air and must be immersed in water or ethanol for preservation. Uses: This product is mainly used in the catalytic hydrogenation reaction of basic organic chemicals. It can be used for the hydrogenation of organic hydrocarbon bonds, the hydrogenation of carbon and nitrogen bonds, the hydrogenation of nitroso compounds and nitro compounds, and the hydrogenation of azo and azoxy compounds, imines, amines and nitidine. It can also be used for dehydration reaction, ring formation reaction, condensation reaction and the like. The most typical applications are hydrogenation of glucose, hydrogenation of fatty nitriles. In medicine, dyes, oils, spices, synthetic fibers and other fields have a wide range of applications. For example: glucose hydrogenation to produce sorbitol for the synthesis of vitamin C, resin surfactants and the like. Catalytic hydrogenation of phenol to produce diols for the preparation of diamines, paints, coatings. Hydrogenation of dinitriles to produce diamines is an important monomer for polyamide fibers. Furanan catalytic hydrogenation to produce tetrahydrofuran is a good solvent. Fatty acidification followed by hydrogenation to produce primary aliphatic amines is widely used in organic chemical production. Hydrogenation of aniline to cyclohexane has been used in the synthesis of deprotectants, corrosion inhibitors, accelerators, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, bactericides, and the like.
Arsenic-Nickel Mine Mineral Name: Arsenic Nickel Maucherite
::Minerals Overview Chemical composition: Ni11As8Ni nickel 20.71, As arsenic 79.29; equivalent to this composition of minerals, it was known as nickel skutterudite;
Identification characteristics: According to the appearance characteristics, cobalt cobalt minerals are difficult to distinguish between each other; In addition, similar to the dense block rhombic arsenic ore, orthorhombic arsenite, reliable identification can be applied to chemical analysis, ore phase method and roentgen Ray analysis and other methods;
Cause of Origin: Coexisted with minerals such as red arsenic nickel ore, arsenic, cobalt ore;
Famous origin: Eisleben, Thuringia, Germany.
Name origin: Originated from a mineral merchant named "Wilhelm Macher";
:: crystal form complex quadrilateral bipyramid crystals; often irregularly granular, or plateau along (001), sometimes biconical or acicular. The common simple forms are (110), (108), (304);
:: Crystal Structure Crystalline and space group: Quartet. Symmetrical 4L33L23PC; space group Im3;
Cell parameters: a0=8.26 Angstroms;
Powder crystal data: 1.713 (1) 2.01 (1) 2.69 (0.9)
:: Physical Properties Hardness: 5.5-6.0
Specific gravity: 6.8g/cm3
Cleavage: Cleavage Parallel (100) and (111) Incomplete Fractures: Fractures Interspersed Colors: Tin white to steel grey, sometimes with light gray or iridescent ochre striations: Gray black Transparency: Opaque Luster: Metal Luminous Luminous : No other: Conductive, brittle:: Optical properties Reflective color White band rose. Reflectance: 60 (green), 55.5 (orange), 51 (red). No double reflection. Heterogeneity is weak.
In 1865, Ganier to the sillimanite, plus gypsum and coal reduction smelting, nickel thorium after reduction, so that a small amount of nickel in the ore has been enriched. After burning off*, the resulting nickel oxide is reduced to nickel in solid state using carbon.
Nickel is completely soluble in γ-iron and its solubility in α-iron is 10%. Up to 5% nickel can improve the tensile strength and hardness of low carbon structural steel. With 3% nickel in carbon steel, its tensile strength, impact toughness, yield point and deformability can be improved. Nickel-nickel-nickel structural steels containing 1%-4% nickel are suitable for use in the automotive, locomotive and machine manufacturing industries because of their suitable tensile strength to mass ratio. In addition to these elements, steel for wear-resistant components contains carbon. The most important nickel-containing steels and the largest users are stainless steel and heat-resistant special steels. For example, a series of heat-resistant stainless steels such as Cr18Ni9Ti and Cr17Ni11Mo2 have good thermal processing properties and are widely used in machinery, medical care, defense, and light industry.
Nickel has a slight graphitization in cast iron, which stabilizes pearlite and reduces ferrite content. Therefore, the nickel in cast iron helps to achieve a uniform and integrated structure and good performance. Adding a small amount of nickel (Ni 0.1%-1.0%) will result in the formation of fine pearlite. When the amount of nickel is more than a bar, it will form the history of Ma and the history of Austria. Fine and stable pearlite can make cast iron have good processing performance and hardness. Therefore, nickel-iron castings can be used to make castings in the automotive industry.
Low-iron-nickel alloys containing chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, when used in high-temperature alloys, are generally referred to as Hastelloy, and have a tensile strength as high as 233.24 MPa at 923°C. The iron-nickel alloys containing 30% to 90% Ni have high magnetic permeability, and thus are suitable for the electric and electronic industries, for example, Klematics alloys containing Ni 30% and Fe 70%. The alloy containing Ni80%, Cr14%, Fe6% is a special corrosion resistant spring material for dental treatment. Nickel is also used as a coin and used in the battery industry.
Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys For the average person, an alloy is an unusually hard substance that can transfer heat and electricity. However, it is incredible that the alloy of nickel and titanium actually has the same memory function as humans. And its memory is very strong, after a long time, repeated thousands of times are accurate.
How did people find this "specific function" of nickel-titanium alloy? In 1958, the United States Navy’s military stockpile laboratories conducted an experiment in which a nickel-titanium alloy material was needed; and the scale scientists found a crooked nickel-titanium cable. They heated the cable first, and then Cool it down and pull it into a straight line to make the desired alloy material. However, it is strange that in the experiment, when people heated the nickel-titanium alloy material, it became crooked again, exactly the same as its original shape. This caused people's interest. This time, people first bent the cable into a circle, cooled it and pulled it into a straight line, heated again, and it automatically became a circle. People know that nickel-titanium alloy has such a good memory function.
NiTi alloys have many uses for this memory function. For example, the robot's arm made with it will turn up and down, left and right as the temperature changes, and it looks very realistic, as if the robot really feels like it. Nickel titanium alloys also have unimaginable medical effects. For example, nitinol wire is made into a spring shape with a small diameter, so that it remembers its shape under body temperature conditions. After that, it is straightened and inserted into the artery through a small catheter under X-ray irradiation. The nitinol wire in the catheter gradually becomes a spring shape under the stimulation of body temperature, just like a bushing is formed on the inner wall of the arterial blood vessel, so as to prevent the risk that the inner wall of the artery is too thin.
In the clothing industry, nickel-titanium alloys are also useful. In the manufacture of women's bras, if nickel-titanium alloys are used instead of steel stents, the service life of the bra can be greatly extended. According to the size and needs of each woman's breast, the manufacturer creates a specific product under various body temperature conditions. Even after repeated washing and drying, the product can be quickly restored as soon as it touches the body temperature in memory. The original shape.
Raney Nickel Catalyst (Ni-Al alloy)
Physico-chemical properties: The Raney nickel catalyst is silver gray amorphous powder (nickel-aluminum alloy powder) before activation. It has moderate flammability. It is partially activated in the presence of water and generates hydrogen-prone caking. It is permanently exposed to the air. Easy weathering. The nickel-aluminum alloy powder is activated by gray-black particles with active hydrogen and is extremely unstable. It oxidizes and burns in air and must be immersed in water or ethanol for preservation. Uses: This product is mainly used in the catalytic hydrogenation reaction of basic organic chemicals. It can be used for the hydrogenation of organic hydrocarbon bonds, the hydrogenation of carbon and nitrogen bonds, the hydrogenation of nitroso compounds and nitro compounds, and the hydrogenation of azo and azoxy compounds, imines, amines and nitidine. It can also be used for dehydration reaction, ring formation reaction, condensation reaction and the like. The most typical applications are hydrogenation of glucose, hydrogenation of fatty nitriles. In medicine, dyes, oils, spices, synthetic fibers and other fields have a wide range of applications. For example: glucose hydrogenation to produce sorbitol for the synthesis of vitamin C, resin surfactants and the like. Catalytic hydrogenation of phenol to produce diols for the preparation of diamines, paints, coatings. Hydrogenation of dinitriles to produce diamines is an important monomer for polyamide fibers. Furanan catalytic hydrogenation to produce tetrahydrofuran is a good solvent. Fatty acidification followed by hydrogenation to produce primary aliphatic amines is widely used in organic chemical production. Hydrogenation of aniline to cyclohexane has been used in the synthesis of deprotectants, corrosion inhibitors, accelerators, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, bactericides, and the like.
Arsenic-Nickel Mine Mineral Name: Arsenic Nickel Maucherite
::Minerals Overview Chemical composition: Ni11As8Ni nickel 20.71, As arsenic 79.29; equivalent to this composition of minerals, it was known as nickel skutterudite;
Identification characteristics: According to the appearance characteristics, cobalt cobalt minerals are difficult to distinguish between each other; In addition, similar to the dense block rhombic arsenic ore, orthorhombic arsenite, reliable identification can be applied to chemical analysis, ore phase method and roentgen Ray analysis and other methods;
Cause of Origin: Coexisted with minerals such as red arsenic nickel ore, arsenic, cobalt ore;
Famous origin: Eisleben, Thuringia, Germany.
Name origin: Originated from a mineral merchant named "Wilhelm Macher";
:: crystal form complex quadrilateral bipyramid crystals; often irregularly granular, or plateau along (001), sometimes biconical or acicular. The common simple forms are (110), (108), (304);
:: Crystal Structure Crystalline and space group: Quartet. Symmetrical 4L33L23PC; space group Im3;
Cell parameters: a0=8.26 Angstroms;
Powder crystal data: 1.713 (1) 2.01 (1) 2.69 (0.9)
:: Physical Properties Hardness: 5.5-6.0
Specific gravity: 6.8g/cm3
Cleavage: Cleavage Parallel (100) and (111) Incomplete Fractures: Fractures Interspersed Colors: Tin white to steel grey, sometimes with light gray or iridescent ochre striations: Gray black Transparency: Opaque Luster: Metal Luminous Luminous : No other: Conductive, brittle:: Optical properties Reflective color White band rose. Reflectance: 60 (green), 55.5 (orange), 51 (red). No double reflection. Heterogeneity is weak.
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